Facilitating discussions

The four kinds of approaches to discussion in the classroom include:  (1) responding to a problem, (2) responding to an observation, (3) responding to a narrative, and (4) reflecting on classroom activities.

For my blog post this week, I will be focusing on the approach of responding to an observation.  To make this discussion topic a bit more specific than simply the pollution problem in the Boston Harbor, I would like to discuss my observations of Boston residents' concern about their drinking water.  Why do Bostonians know so little about the pollution problem in our harbor, yet are so concerned about the quality of their drinking water?

Some of the best practices to facilitate a discussion, according to Parker (2001) and Johannessen (2002) include: preparing and discussing the nature of a good discussion, creating a set of guidelines that ensure civility, plan the topics that you want to cover and how you will do this, create a stimulus or "controversy" to begin the discussion, focus on how you will respond to what others have to say about your question or concern, use the questions of people in your discussion to guide your agenda, use both whole-group discussions and small-group discussions, guide participation by using one person's statement as a question for another participant, if the discussion is not going well, stop and discuss the problem, consistently ask how the discussion comments relate back to the original stimulus, do not dominate the discussion, slow the pace of the discussion as to allow participants time to reflect, be a good listening model for your discussion group, and lastly, instead of responding, ask someone what he or she thinks.

More discussion questions:

• Why is there not more awareness being brought to the city's residents about the harbor's pollution problem by the state and its officials?

Service Learning Project

The Boston Harbor Association is the leading non-profit, public interest organization working to promote a clean, alive and accessible Boston Harbor, and is committed to providing free programming for the general public and students to learn about Boston Harbor and the waterfront.  http://tbha.org/index.htm 


On the BHA's official website, there are many activities and events that they promote which support the cleanup and reinvention of the harbor.  (http://tbha.org/events.htm)  Some of these events, like the one I mentioned previously in my blog, Stewardship Saturdays, involve volunteers actually cleaning the beaches near the harbor on the waterfront.  Other activities include informational tours along the harbor as well as presentations and lunches.


The BHA also promotes activities that they do not necessarily host, however are located near the harbor, on the Waterfront.  These specific activities are listed on their website, because any positive experience near the harbor is a step in the right direction for the intended change we hope the harbor to make.


The activity that I have chosen to do as my service learning project is the "Free Thursday nights at the ICA (Institute of Contemporary Art)".  
For those of you who may not be familiar with the ICA, it is the newest museum to be built in the city of Boston and it's home to many innovative and contemporary artful pieces from around the world.  I am excited to go, as it will be a great experience as well as help support the tourism near the harbor.
http://www.icaboston.org/

What do we know and what can we do to help?

As revealed through my interview of my roommate, Abby, many Boston residents are unaware of the severity of the polluted Boston Harbor or what they can do to assist with its cleanup.  First and foremost, Bostonians must understand what is actually going on with the pollution and its cleanup.  Some informational knowledge that most Boston residents have about this issue include the declining animal species that once filled the harbor, as well as the concern that our drinking water may be polluted.  Many residents living near the South shore of the city are also aware of the unclean beaches surrounding their areas.

The following is some procedural knowledge that Bostonians can use to help with the cleanup that our harbor really needs:

• Conserve water: Turn the sink faucet OFF while you are brushing your teeth.
• Watch what goes down the drain and make sure it's safe.
• Don't Litter! Pick up your trash so it doesn't end up in the Harbor.
• When you walk your dog, be sure to clean up after it.
• Use environmentally friendly cleaners when washing your car.
• Minimize your use of fertilizers and pesticides as the excess can wash into water systems.
• Take shorter showers - gallons of water are wasted each minute.
• Organize a beach cleanup with your friends.
• Recreational boaters, please use pump-out facilities.
• Visit Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands!

(http://tbha.org/resources_makedifference.htm)


Anyone interested in what they can do to help cleanup the harbor should first read and understand the pollution problems.  Second, starting with these minor changes to our everyday lives listed above, begin to do their part in cleaning up the harbor.  

What are some critical attributes of the cleanup of the Boston Harbor?

• William Golden, City Solicitor for Quincy, was the first public official to openly acknowledge the declining state of Boston Harbor.
• In 1984, Governor Michael Dukakis signed a bill creating the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) and granting it responsibility to take over and rebuild the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) sewer system.
• The U.S. District Court, finding MWRA liable for the MDC’s acts, imposed schedule for upgrading the MWRA system.  The principal goal of the system upgrade was the construction of a secondary treatment plant on Deer Island.  Once complete, the plant will operate both primary and secondary wastewater treatment facilities.
• In 1988, the federal Ocean Dumping Ban Act was passed and the MWRA ceased the discharge of sludge into the Harbor in 1991.
• On December 24, 1991, the ocean-dumping of Boston’s sewage sludge ceased, and the Quincy Pelletization Plant began operations.  The MWRA selected the New England Fertilizer Company (NEFCo) and its Biosolid Drying Process which converts sludge into low-nutrient, organic fertilizer pellets, thus reusing nutrients while minimizing the harmful effects from other disposal techniques.

What are some critical attributes of the polluted Boston Harbor?

• Boston Harbor covers 130 square kilometers and has an average depth of 5.8 meters.
• The Harbor once supported abundant, healthy populations of harbor seals, porpoises, whales, sea birds, and many other types of marketable fish and shellfish.  However, after centuries of raw sewage and pollution to the Harbor, a large portion of these species have suffered.
• Before 1980, the main transport artery and large buildings separated downtown from the ocean, and those who did notice the deterioration of the water quality had no means to convey their observations.
• The majority of beach-goers were primarily lower- to middle-income Bostonians with little formal political standing, while fisherman simply did not want to announce to the public that their product was below average.  Legislators were interested in more visible projects, such as roads and parks.
• The Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA) required that publicly owned treatment works would provide secondary waste water treatment by mid-1977;  however, the Metropolitan District Commission suspended any action for system upgrades for 13 years. (Refer to Table 1 below)

TABLE 1:

                    POLLUTION-PREVENTION COMPARISON 

               OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPERATIONS

            Primary Only                                                   Secondary

– removes 60% of solids                                 – will remove 90% of solids

– removes 40% of toxic pollutants                  – will remove 85% of toxic pollutants       

– reduces BOD* by 35%                                – will reduce BOD* by 85%

*Biological Oxygen Demand, a measure of the oxygen-consuming organic matter present in effluent.  BOD is a pollutant because it removes oxygen necessary for fauna from the marine or aquatic environment.

Interview

The following is an interview that I conducted with my roommate, Abby Brengle who is a junior at Northeastern University and currently works for the Boston Bar Association.

Cleaning up the Boston Harbor

The Boston Harbor was once considered to be "one of the filthiest harbors in the nation."

Is this a problem you think is important?  Why/ Why not?

Yes, I think it is a big problem that people should be more aware of, but I'm not sure what I could do to help and fix it. I think it is a big problem because I love the ocean and I wish I could swim in the harbor but that would be disgusting.

Do you think others in our community think that this is an important problem? why/ why not?

No because everyone is self absorbed and neglects environmental issues. 

Save the Harbor/ Save the Bay is an organization that was formed to help clean up the Boston Harbor.  This environmental organization's mission is to restore and protect the Boston Harbor and Bay.  Unlike many other organizations, Save the Harbor/ Save the Bay thrives on entrepreneurial spirit with public foundation funds, private donations, and corporate support, rather than relying solely on government efforts.  The focus of this organization has expanded far beyond a concern for clean water and has begun to also focus on the recreational, cultural, and economic potential of a clean and thriving harbor.  Save the Harbor/ Save the Bay believes that the most important resource that can be brought into the harbor is people.  Their goal is to make the waterfront an enjoyable and exciting destination for everyone living and visiting the great city of Boston. 

What are advantages of this policy?

To improve life for everyone in the Boston area by making the waterfront a more enjoyable place to relax.

What are disadvantages of this policy?

I don't see any disadvantages in environmental activism.



After interviewing my roommate, I realized that many young people are unaware of the seriousness of the health of the Boston Harbor.  I do not think that these young people are necessarily opposed to assisting in the cleanup and improvement of the harbor, however, it may have never been brought to their attention.  SImilarly to my roommate, I love the ocean and think that it is our duty as inhabitants on this planet to take care of the natural resources, such as this harbor.  There are many things that young people can do to help with this cleanup project and I would like to discuss some of these in my next blog post!

Boston Harbor Cleanup Programs & Policies

Save the Habor/ Save the Bay

    

    Save the Harbor/Save the Bay was founded in 1986 by the attorney involved in the initial suit to clean up the Harbor, the judge who heard the case, and the reporter who covered it for the region’s largest newspaper.

    This environmental organization's mission is to restore and protect the Boston Harbor and Bay.  Unlike many other organizations, Save the Harbor/ Save the Bay thrives on entrepreneurial spirit with public foundation funds, private donations, and corporate support, rather than relying solely on government efforts.

The focus of this organization has expanded far beyond a concern for clean water and has begun to also focus on the recreational, cultural, and economic potential of a clean and thriving harbor. 

    Save the Harbor/ Save the Bay believes that the most important resource that can be brought into the harbor is people.  Their goal is to make the waterfront an enjoyable and exciting destination for everyone living and visiting the great city of Boston. (www.bostonharbor.com)

Environmental Assessment of Georges Island Pier (January 2009)

    

    The National Park Service (NPS), in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) proposds to replace the deteriorated pier facility on Georges Islands. The goal of this project is to replace the pier facility in a culturally and environmentally safe way that will aid in the protection  of the resources of the Boston Harbor Islands national park areas. (http://parkplanning.nps.gov/publicHome.cfm)

Other Important Programs & Policies (2009)

• Assessment of South Bay Harbor Trail Project (March)
   
• Waterways License No. 11419 Russia Wharf, Fort Point Channel, Boston (April)
   
• EOEEA #14255 - Notice of Project Change Seaport Square Project, South Boston (April)
   
• EOEEA #13861 - Draft Environmental Impact Report, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston (June)
   
• EOEEA #14255 - Draft Amended Record of Decision, Seaport Square Project, South Boston (June)
   
• South Boston Municipal Harbor Plan Amendment, 100 Acres (June)
   
• Administrative Consent Order #ACOP-BO-08-6Y002 - Waterways License #8959 Independence Wharf (June)
   
• EOEEA #14411 – Harbor Garage Redevelopment, Boston (July)
   
• Project Notification Form – Harbor Garage Redevelopment (July)
   
• EEA #14442 – Environmental Notification Form, Logan Airport Runway Safety Area Improvements Project, East Boston (August)
   
• Boston Children’s Museum HarborWalk and Open Spaces
  (September)
   
• TBHA’s Comments on the “Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area in 2016 Strategic Plan” (8 September)
    
• Waterways License No. 9968, Fan Pier, Boston (30 September)
   
• Boston Children’s Museum HarborWalk and Open Spaces (October)

Pollution in the Harbor

    In 1876, with the significant growth of the city, Massachusetts State legislators implemented the construction of the Boston Main Drainage System to handle the accumulating sewage load being dumped into the Harbor.  This system diverted sewage from over 18 cities and towns surrounding the Harbor to Moon Island where it was then released with the outgoing tide.  

    In 1889, the first regional sewerage system in the nation was built in Boston as a result of the formation of the Metropolitan Sewerage District.  Although for years Boston was known for having the most advanced sewage system in the country, this system was not CLEANING the Harbor at all.  As a result of this, by the early 20th century, the Harbor had become incredibly polluted.  In 1940, after all shellfish that had been taken from the Harbor required purification, the state began construction of sewage treatment plants at each of the Harbor's three sewage release locations:  Moon, Nut, and Deer Island.

 

     Although these treatments plants were a step in the right direction for Boston, by the 50's and 60's, they were not enough to stop the increasing pollution levels.  The treatment facilities were often overloaded with sewage and also did not conduct secondary treatment for the Harbor.  As the water quality in the Harbor still did not improve, by 1972 the federal government passed the Clean Water Act, which required administration of both primary and secondary sewage treatment.  However, Boston was unsuccessful in updating its treatment systems and by 1980, Boston Harbor was known as the "filthiest Harbor in the nation". 

    It was not until 1985 when a Quincy city resident stepped on a piece of raw sewage while jogging the beach that things began to turn around.  The Quincy man sued the city of Boston for violation of the 1972 Clean Water Act and was successful.  The city was ordered to begin construction on a new secondary treatment facility right away.  The court case also resulted in a strict schedule for the ultimate "cleanup" of the Harbor.

    Water and sewage control was transferred to the newly formed Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) who built an invisible network of sewage and water pipes.  The new treatment plant at Deer Island was completed in 1998 and since then, things have been looking up.  The Harbor is becoming progressively cleaner and many native animal species have returned to what was once their polluted home. (www.savetheharbor.org)

 

Some Boston Harbor History...

    Even before the 1600's when John Winthrop and the Puritans began settling the area near the Boston Harbor, it had always been an important natural resource for local Native Americans.  With the 30 islands that surround the Harbor, fish and crops were plentiful.  The Harbor began to grow rapidly after the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay Company and soon became a well-known trading port.  By the late 1600's, all English imports to New England states arrived through the waters of the Harbor, greatly contributing to Boston's growth and also helping to pave the way of the American Revolution.

    In 1774, angry and frustrated colonists dumped crates of imported English tea into the Harbor in response to the high taxes that were being placed on such imports.  This historical protest is known as the Boston Tea Party.   A few years later in 1776, as the Revolutionary War began, Boston Harbor was again, a crucial resource for New England soldiers.  The Harbor continued to play its role in civil defense in the War of 1812 where the fort on Castle Island, Fort Independence, protected Boston from the British.  Years later, well into the 20th century, the Harbor remained such a crucial resource for New England soldiers that during World War II its entrance was protected with mines and an underwater torpedo net. (www.savetheharbor.org)

Introduction

Hello! I am Gabriella Vitale and I am enrolled in EDU309 - The Arts and Social Studies in the Elementary School.  In my blog, I will be discussing the current pollution issues in the Boston Harbor.  Residing in Boston and working on the waterfront, I am very passionate about the need for a healthy harbor.  My goal is to bring awareness to my fellow classmates as well as to Boston residents in general, of the current unhealthy, but improving state of our city's harbor and what WE can do to improve it!

http://www.bostonharbor.com/